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2	Overview Advanced Life Support System Role of Food in Space Missions Design of Food Processing Systems Lunar and Mars habitat Opportunities for research for food and agricultural engineers
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4	Mars Atmosphere Temperatures Global -125 C to 25 C Atmosphere: Thin, unbreathable Surface pressure: 6 millibars, or 1/200^th of Earth’s 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, 1.5% Argon, 0.03% water; No oxygen Dusty, which makes sky pinkish, Planet wide dust storms black out the sky Largest volcano in the solar system (Olympus Mons) Largest canyon in the solar system (Valles Marineris) Key Requirement: A closed life-support system
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6	Regenerative Life Support System CELSS -1978 (Controlled Ecological Life Support System) To integrate regenerative biological and physicochemical processes a system that will produce food, potable water, and breathable atmosphere from metabolic and other wastes Use higher plant photosynthesis
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8	Total mass of consumables to sustain one person for one year in Long Duration Space Habitat
9	Design Characteristics
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11	Calorie Consumption
12	Body Weight
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14	Psychological Effects of Long Duration Missions Gradual, on-going psychological abrasion over time Certain stress factors are inherent in environment Long-term Confinement Separation from home, family and traditional sources of emotional support, country, culture, planet Fewer emotional and physical outlets; fewer ways to renew; reduced ways to safely ‘let off steam’ Disruptive events on orbit and on earth
15	"death of family member" death of family member death of friend depressed mood crew friction prolonged insufficient sleep dark/crowded station work underload and overload anger with ground team periods of low motivation mild anxiety delayed return to earth onboard fire Over-scheduling & insufficient timeline control inappropriate or incorrect direction from ground language difficulties cultural misunderstandings persistent system failures
16	Role of Food -- according to Astronauts “Food is one of my few sources of pleasure” Irrational belief on ground Heightened awareness of what food is available, who eats what, when to eat Increased interest in the preparation and consuming processes Heightened importance of food as social centerpiece and in crew cohesion Meal times for social and work discussion
17	Advanced Food System The food systems will satisfy nutritional psychological safety acceptability diversity of end products Impact on NASA’s priority on food related research
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21	Selected Crops Salad Crops Tomato Carrot Chard Spinach Cabbage Onion Lettuce Radish Other crops Wheat Potato Sweet Potato Soy beans Peanut Rice Dried beans
22	Food Processing Equipment Design and Operating Constraints Multi-purpose equipment Flexible in processing methods and end products Automated but can be manually controlled Ease of cleanability Safety Power Size Water use Air contaminants Waste generated Noise
23	Multi-purpose Fruit and Vegetable Processing System NASA Contract with UC Davis, 2003-2006 Design a machine to process tomatoes into Sliced tomatoes Diced tomatoes, Salsa Tomato juice Tomato sauce Tomato soup Tomato Ketchup Incorporate additional vegetables such as carrots, chard.
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25	Simplified Process Processing whole tomatoes to sliced, diced, crushed, pureed, and concentrated can be simplified. Basic three step process
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27	Size Reduction Design
28	Construction progress
29	Pulper/Finisher
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31	Ohmic Heating Selected design will be a batch heater: ~15 liters crushed tomatoes From 25 C to 82 C in 25 minutes (hot break)
32	Separation/Concentration Reverse Osmosis Module PCI-Memtech: (0.6 m module)
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35	Effect of Concentration on Flux
36	Optimizing for ESM (Equivalent System Mass) Minimizing ESM is accomplished by reducing: Mass (M) Volume (V) Power (P) Cooling, heat generation (C) Crew Time (CT)
37	Validation Trials
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40	Opportunities for Food and Agricultural Engineers